Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye (the sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids. When the conjunctiva becomes irritated, its blood vessels dilate and the eye takes on that characteristic red appearance.
The inflammation can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, an allergic reaction, or a trauma to the eye. In most cases it does not affect vision, but it can be very bothersome. Treatment depends on the type of conjunctivitis the person has. Some forms are contagious, so an early diagnosis and treatment help prevent spreading it to others.
Most frequent symptoms
Depending on the cause, the most common symptoms may be:
- Redness
- Itching and burning
- Constant tearing
- Thick discharge
- Scabs and swelling of the eyelids
- A gritty, foreign-body sensation
- Sensitivity to light
What causes conjunctivitis?
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Allergies
- Trauma from a blow or a foreign body in the eye
- Chemicals, makeup, creams or paints
- Smoke or steam
- Inappropriate use of contact lenses
Viral conjunctivitis
This is the most common type. It is often caused by colds, the flu or other respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2. It usually starts in one eye and then spreads to the other. There is tearing but no thick discharge, and it is highly contagious.
Bacterial conjunctivitis
This type is more often associated with a purulent (pus-like) discharge and usually affects a single eye. It is commonly caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus species and, less frequently, Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It spreads through direct contact.
Allergic conjunctivitis
This form usually affects both eyes and is triggered by an allergen such as pollen, or by a reaction to a chemical. It is often associated with allergic rhinitis and causes intense itching, tearing and redness. It is not contagious.
How to prevent the spread
Good hygiene is key to preventing conjunctivitis and keeping it from spreading:
- Avoid touching your eyes with your hands
- Wash your hands frequently
- Do not share towels with others
- Do not wear someone else’s glasses
- Change and wash pillowcases and bedding regularly
- Avoid low-quality cosmetics
- Do not use other people’s cosmetic products
- Clean and disinfect your contact lenses properly
Treatment and complications
Treatment depends on the cause. Pink eye usually clears up on its own within 1 to 2 weeks. Complications tend to occur when the condition is not treated in time or when the person self-medicates. If symptoms last longer than expected, worsen, or are accompanied by severe pain or vision loss, you should see your ophthalmologist, as it could be a more serious problem such as a corneal ulcer.
Keep in mind that not every red eye is conjunctivitis. It can also be caused by a subconjunctival hemorrhage or by conjunctival chemosis, among other causes, which is why a professional evaluation is important.
If you have a red eye or any eye discomfort, book an appointment for eye care at our clinic in Roatán. An early exam can prevent both contagion and complications.